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On the other hand, according to neighborhood effect theory, the social and educational environment shapes individual behaviors and norms 10,11

This being said, there are known chemicals contained in the nicotine and the juice flavoring of e-cigarettes which are toxic and associated with the development of cancer

Our definition of a non-smoker is no use of any cigarettes, cigars, a pipe (including shisha/hookah), vapes, e-cigarettes, or nicotine replacements at all in the last 12 months, even if the product used did not contain any nicotine

In contrast, patients with low exposure had the same risk of progression as those who never smoked [1, 2]

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