In RBCs, which lack mitochondria and oxidative metabolism, pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid, a three-carbon hydroxyacid, the product of anaerobic glycolysis
Given that cyanide exposure from linamarin is strongly associated with the development of konzo, an increase in plasma oxidative stress may also affect cyanide action or metabolism, potentially amplifying its capacity to induce mitochondrial stress or giving rise to its oxidized form cyanate, which is a strong neurotoxin in various experimental models that can further decrease glutathione levels in the CNS 52,53
"Shopping cart sign" patients often notice they can walk much farther while leaning on a shopping cart, walker, or grocery cart
Research has shown that increases in muscle strength often lag behind increases in muscle mass, as neural adaptations and structural changes both add to strength gains
Studies have shown that chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) in mouse models induces gut microbiota dysbiosis, characterized by an increase in Bacteroidetes and a decrease in Firmicutes and Actinobacteria