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[11] Khavinson V, Diomede F, Mironova E, Linkova N, Trofimova S, Trubiani O, Caputi S, Sinjari B

doi: 10.1074/jbc.TM117.000259

Under conditions of low glucose, oxidative stress, or inflammation, mitochondria increase production of MOTS-C, which then: Enters the nucleus to modulate transcription of genes associated with antioxidant defenses, such as NRF2 targets

Following subcutaneous injection, the peptide enters systemic circulation with bioavailability of 14-19% in rats, while intramuscular administration achieves 45-51% bioavailability in beagle dogs, indicating both route-dependent and species-dependent absorption characteristics

Q2: Is GHK-Cu FDA-approved