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These trends have profound roots dating back to antiquity and the philosopher and skillful physician of the classical Greek period, Hippocrates, sometimes considered the father of Western medicine

Interestingly, U11, U12, and U13 were induced by all treatments except in cat2 and cat2 gr1 (Figure 4, compare A and B with C and D)

EAAT2 prevents excitotoxicity by maintaining extracellular glutamate concentrations at ~25 nM [308, 370373]

Apart from ROS being created as a result of oxidative glucose metabolism, the constant exposure of retinal cells to sunlight and artificial light triggers the production of ROS 16,17 , especially with photosensitizers present, such as retinoids 16,18 , and leads to photo-oxidation 19

Gottesmann, C., Gandolfo, G., Zouikr, I., & Lachapelle, F