As mentioned above, the human GSTP1-1 may form an oxidized enzyme involving the two more reactive cysteines (i.e., Cys47 and Cys101)
This has triggered the evolution of resistance mechanisms whereby the water-soluble toxic form of mercury, the Hg 2+ cation (either aquated or coordinated to ligands such as chloride), is reduced back to the mono-atomic elemental form, the atoms of which are volatile and can be eliminated from the organism back into the environment [87]
Food particles, other nutrients, and digestive fluids all create competition at the intestinal wall
According to previous studies, peptides with strong -glucosidase inhibitory activity are short peptides with a relative molecular weight of less than 1 kDa, this is because lower molecular weight peptides can access and bind to the active site of -glucosidase (71)
Whether a cosmetic serum reproduces all of those effects depends on formulation and delivery