Tobacco exposure enriched Eggerthella lenta while depleting Parabacteroides distasonis and Lactobacillus spp ., elevating bile acid metabolites such as taurodeoxycholic acid that activated MAPK/ERK signaling and promoted epithelial proliferation (Fig
This new emphasis on tobacco harm reduction as an exit strategy for smokers unable (or unwilling) to quit is a key paradigm shift in the management of relapse, which could save millions of lives world-wide
Tobacco control policies have been suggested to, at least in part, be a reflection of the habits and perceptions of smoking (Brandt 1998), especially in higher social strata (So et al
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Although CD incidence is widespread, some nations, especially those in Western and North America, are more severely impacted than others